Ressurection: Movement Patterns in Martial Arts

Intro:

Holy crap. It had been so long since I'd updated here that I was certain I'd deleted this blog. Turns out I hadn't so...yay? I'm going to try to be uploading more stuff here (until/unless I find a better platform). I make no promises about frequency though. Most of this will just be my explorations of various deep dive navel gazing sessions about martial arts.


Movement Patterns:

Specific patterns of movement are fundamental to the learning and practicing of martial arts.  Whether this is a beginner practicing footwork over and over again across agym floor, or an advanced practitioner going through a solo form, patterns of movement shape the Arts at their most basic level.

For some Arts the movement patterns are very basic. Think of modern Western boxing. You learn the mechanics (patterns) of throwing a jab, cross, uppercut, and hook. Add in some footwork and level shifts, throw that all in a blender, and you get your own personal style of boxing. You develop your set of tactics from experience.

For other Arts, movement patterns are codified.  Think kata in Japanese arts, assaulti in the Bolognese traditions, or even Tai Chi as practiced today. These longer forms provide not only basic movement sets, but embedded tactical advice for those with the eyes to see them.

Neither of these approaches is wrong, and honestly they are both right (look at me being brave and taking a stand haha). I do think that they represent different way-points on the journey of your Art, but that's probably a post for another day. Let's talk about a few specific Arts that I have experience with.

Maghrebi sabre and stick fighting

I have only about a year of experience with this Art. I was introduced to it by the esteemed Da'Mon Stith of Historical African Martial Arts Association (HAMAA) and Austin Warrior Arts. The way he taught us the entire system was by breaking the strikes down into three sets of 4 blows. Each set below is described from the Feeder's point of view:

• The first set makes a plus sign (+) aimed at the head - horizontal from the right, horizontal from the left, upwards at the chin, downwards at the top of the head..
• The second set makes an X aimed at the head - diagonal down from your right, diagnoal downward from the left, diagonal upward from the right, diagonal upward from the left.
• The third set is aimed at the hips and feet - right hip, left hip, right ankle/foot, left ankle/foot.

That's really it. The basic parry for all of the blows is simply to get your stick between their stick and your body. Footwork follows a rhythm, a dance (Maghreb is mostly practiced as a dance today). Da'Mon taught us each set of four and their parries, then had us start stringing them together as back-and-forths. [For those with a musical bent, this felt very much like trading fours in jazz or trading verses in a rap battle]. Then we started exploring with level shifts, aiming our blows at different targets, how to break tempo, and how changing the weapon (to a kopesh or an axe) changed things. An entire day's workshop based off of nothing but horizontal, vertical, and diagonal movements of a stick. We had learned the Movement Pattern of Maghreb and could then play.

Kartuli Parikaoba

I started studying this Georgian (country not state) Art from my friend Mike Cherba as he was translating it. Developed and used by those living high in the Caucus Mountains, Parikaoba is an Art designed for settling disputes in the village, but also defending oneself on narrow mountain trails while out tending your sheep/goats. This Art, as I've learned it, primarily uses a sword and a buckler (though prior to being adult enough for a sword, training was performed with a stick and a woven wicker buckler). These are held together in a way that, at first, seems foreign to most HEMA folk familiar with buckler usage. The stance is very squared on and low, because in order to keep your buckler and sword together you can't limit your target area by profiling, so they limit it by shrinking the vertical target area. In Parikaoba your footwork tends to move forward or rarely to the side (but not too far. Narrow mountain passes and all.) but almost never backwards. Elashvili, the Soviet researcher who wrote the primary text describing this system, notes that "[t]he Khevsur find the concept of retreating shameful; therefore do not train any special steps or jumps back as is done in (classical) fencing. They do, however, use one or two step retreats in order to obtain space after a close action". From my own experience, retreating more than a step or two during a bout with a trained practitioner leads to being completely overwhelmed by their attacks. One way the Khevsur avoid attacks is by level shifting, suddenly dropping their weight. In fact, a lot of time is spent training from a low squat or kneeling position.


So what movement patterns do you see in Parikaoba? Well I'm honestly going to spit-ball a bit here as I am not as familar with this Art (even though I love it). We already talked about footwork patterns of forward, slight side, and drastic weight shifts. In Parikaoba you spend a majority of the time with your wrists acting as if they are tied together; many practitioners (myself included) will literally link their thumbs together in order to keep sword and buckler together in the event of a heavy impact.. This takes some getting used to but this way your buckler completely protects your sword hand. Blows are mostly thrown from the same position, so learning to move both arms to strike. In ethnographic footage of bouts, we often see another attack - an attack where the buckler and sword split for a moment then rejoin. This, in addition to two very profiled guards (buckler hand in front and sword held behind the body) adds some interesting twists in how to play with this unique style of sword and buckler.  The more I learn about it, the more I refine my understanding and discover just how fun it is!

Italian sabre and Guissepe Cerri's bastone

I was fortunate to begin my martial training with Maestro Sean Hayes. Maestro Hayes is a master in the classical Italian school of fencing. From him I first learned foil, then a little epee and sabre. I continued my sabre studies from my good friend Jim Emmons. The classical system of fencing has its own movement patterns - codified footwork that tends towards linear movement, parries that protect quadrants of the body, and attacks that all follow a progression of arm extension to rear foot extension to final hand/wrist movement to finish the attack. I am constantly amazed at how useful my brief time studying foil has been in helping my sabre fencing improve. Not surprising considering French smallsword's influence on Italian military sabre.

Cerri, an accomplished sabuer, wrote his manual on the use of the bastone (a 54-56" stick) in 1835. In it he first outlines 42 molinelli (rotations) - solo movements both simple and complex designed to get you comfortable moving the stick. When it comes to the practical defense part of the manual, he simply grafts his molinelli onto the existing sabre patterns; allowing quite a bit of tactical crossover between using the sword and the bastone. These patterns, specifically the parries, are extremely similar still to modern classical fencing. Attacks happen with a rotation and extension of the hands then the rear foot. Parries are made with solid footwork, or a slight backwards retreat. I have no doubts that someone trained in sabre could pick up a bastone and understand Cerri's system very quickly.

Xing Yi Chuan

I have only looked at the Chinese art of Xing Yi Chuan through the lens of a book I picked up at a used bookstore.  Xing Yi Chuan (typically translated as something like "Form Intention Boxing") has a long and storied history, most of which is shrouded in conjecture. Many assert that it was developed in accordance with the use of the spear. There are two main practices I've observed of Xing Yi: Animal forms and the Five Elements. The book I picked up only deals with the Five Elements so that I will refrain from discussing the Animal Forms.

The Five Elements constitute five movement patterns in Xing Yi practice. They are as follows:

• Downward; Chopping Fist; Pi Chuan
• Upward; Drilling Fist; Zuan Chuan
• Forward; Crushing Fist; Beng Chuan
• Outside; Exploding Fist; Pao Chaun
• Inside; Crossing Fist; Heng Chuan

These also accord with the Taoist five elements (metal, water, wood, fire, earth respective to the above list) and have health benefits associated with them. The training form, as espoused in the book, is to train one element, moving forward in a training space, turning around and coming back the same way. Then another element and so on. Each element has a unique method of turning (some include low kicks). In my observations of the Animal Forms, I noticed that all of the movements, to my eye, could be traced back to one of these Five Elements. So that got me thinking...

The final nutshell: Armizare 

I have been studying Armizare (the art of Fiore dei Liberi) for over a decade now. Embedded in his four guards of Abrazare (grappling/wrestling), Fiore shows us six movement patterns:

• Thin Linear; Posta Longa; Long/Extended Guard
• Thick Linear; Posta Frontale; Frontal Guard
• Up & Down rotation; Posta Porta di Ferro; The Iron Gate
• Inside & Outside rotation; Posta Dente di Chinghiaro; The Boar's Tooth

Fiore also specifies later in the text (for this I am primarily using the Getty manuscript. The other copies contain the same information without the benefit of explanation) that footwork and the sword have three turns:

•  a stable turn; Volta Stabile; feet remain stable, body rotates to the inside.
• a half-turn; Mezza Volta; one foot moves forward/backward, body rotates outside.
• a full turn; Tutta Volta; one foot remains stable, the other inscribes a full circle.

These turns can be seen as extensions, sub-layers, of the Rotational movement.  If we consider Thin (profiled) and Thick (squared up) Linear actions of be sub-sets of a Linear movement pattern, then we are left with three sets of movement:

• Linear - the body moves forward or backward along the centerline.
• Up/Down - the body rotates on a horizontal axis
• Inside/Outside - the body rotate on a vertical axis

Every action in Armizare, unarmed, with the dagger, sword, spear, or axe, is comprised of these movement patterns, either alone or (more commonly) acting in concert.

So what? 

These three patterns of Armizare line up nicely with those of Xing Yi, Cerri, Khevsur fencing, and Maghrebi stick fighting. Every martial art is built upon movement patterns and those three are as simple as I could reduce each Art down to.

Think about it. A boxing jab, cross, a side or push kick, and thrusts are all examples of Thin and Thick Linear actions. Uppercuts, Fiore's sottani, rising blows, knee strikes, some kicks, and some elbows are Upward actions. Axe kicks, hammer-fists, elbow strikes, Fiore's fendente, and throws are all Downward actions. Hooks, roundhouse kicks, Fiore's mezzani, and most sabre & stick parries are all Inside/Outside actions.

But no action is comprised of just one of these movement patterns. Even in the examples given above, all of them require at least two movements. A jab is thrown linearly, but needs the hips to rotate in order to generate power (and if we are talking about modern boxing, there is a downward rotation to the fist itself at the end of the punch).

Fiore's mandritto fendente - a downward descending blow from the right (Angle 1, Cut 1, etc.) is Linear (Thick to be specific as the body and sword typically move forward and the hips are squared up to the target), Inside Rotational (the blade moves from the right shoulder to the left hip), and Downward (the blades descends from the right shoulder to the left hip).

Another example is Fiore's ligadura mezzana (Middle Key - a shoulder lock). This action is Linear (Thin because one arm does 90% of the work as your arm extends over their elbow joint), Downward (your arm drapes over and behind their elbow), then Upward (you bring your arm back up with their arm trapped in your elbow). The lock is solidified and exacerbated by rotating to the outside as you bring your arm back up.

So why break it all down like this? Every Art has training methods - individual actions, short combinations, or long sequences. Why bring it all down to three (six) things?

When you understand both the tactical principles of your Art and the basic movement patterns, then you open up an entire world of options.  This knowledge allows you to adapt your Art to new situations and new weapons with ease. Instead of worrying about what specific technique to attempt, you simply know that in order to defend against a horizontal attack to the head, you need to Rotate your body and bring your weapon Up.

Breaking it down like this also aids in teaching. I often have students from other Arts. If I'm lucky I know the terminology for that Art and can "translate" what I want them to do into their own "language". Often, though, I don't have access to that technical terminology. So I revert back to the movement patterns. It sounds so simple seeing it written out here - "So instead of telling someone to do a volta stabile you just tell them to rotate to the their inside line?"

Yep.

Technical vocabulary within an Art is very important but if you are trying to teach someone who lacks that vocabulary, either new to your class or you are teaching a workshop at an event, you have to be able to make yourself known.

To put things into an analogy from another walk of my life; long training sequences are pieces of music. Beautiful and full of a lot of information. Shorter sequences are musical phrases that you can drop in whenever the time is right. Movement patterns? Those are your individual musical notes. With those notes you can improvise and create any piece of music on the planet.

Learn the techniques of your Art but delves deeper, dive past the HOW and into the WHY.